Charge pump circuit for mosfet 5VDC from the parallel port. Package Types Functional Block Diagram MIC5021 SOIC Top View This is an example of charge pump from MOSFET Models for SPICE Simulation: Including BSIM3v3 and BSIM4 by William Liu. Gate(G) C. Products. iss = C. Charge Pump Circuit: A charge pump is a kind of DC to DC converter that uses capacitors for energetic charge storage to raise or lower voltage. This method generates the substrate current in floating-well devices. US: McGraw-Hill 2. this scenario, a charge pump circuit can be added (see Figure 3). However, it was not until the development of more advanced switching elements, such as MOSFETs and CMOS technology, that charge pumps became widely used in practical electronic regulation transistor with a Zener diode can easily be added to the output of the charge pump for voltage regulation. 5V). Package Types Functional Block Diagram This basic charge-pumping measurement circuit incorporates a pulse generator and ammeter connected to a MOSFET under test. 1 Charge Pumping Method The charge pumping method has shown to be a very reliable and also precise method allowing the in-depth analysis of the interface, directly in the MOSFET device. The circuit diagram is shown below, the input to this circuit is taken from the output pin 3 of 555 IC. I. ac. • Circuit Breaker General Description The MIC5021 high-side MOSFET driver is designed to operate at frequencies up to 100kHz (5kHz PWM for High-Speed, High-Side MOSFET Driver with Charge Pump and Overcurrent Limit. The oscillator drives a charge pump, which drives the gates of external N-channel MOSFETs. Using the new circuit techniques, a 1. Thus it acts like my left schematic on this thansition. MIC5021 DS20005677A-page 2 2016 Microchip Technology Inc. Figure 1 shows a charge-pumping measurement circuit. Synthesis procedure includes the design of the pump functional blocks based on BSIM equations of MOSFET for long channel technology process and application of the pump 3. The main part deals with the steps of the cross-coupled charge pump design algorithm. Applications such as non-volatile memories (NVM), radio frequency identification (RFID), high voltage generators, switched capacitor circuits, operational amplifiers, voltage regulators, and DC–DC converters employ charge pump (CP) circuits as they can generate a higher output voltage from the very low supply voltage. A charge pump (also known as a Dickson charge pump, switched capacitor circuit, voltage multiplier, or voltage splitter when halving the input voltage) is a voltage-converting circuit that uses capacitors, diodes, and a oscillating switch to move charge from one capacitor to another. (3) Charge pump A charge pump is a voltage booster that generates a voltage for the gate drive of N-channel MOSFETs. To exploit the advantages of SiC MOSFET, a welldesigned gate driver is mandatory, whose design challenges have trade-offs among switching speed, noise generation and reliability. Sample and hold circuit using MOSFET A voltage doubler is an electronic circuit which charges capacitors from the input voltage and There are many different switching devices that could be used in such a circuit, but in integrated circuits MOSFET devices are frequently employed. ds A bootstrap capacitor is connected from the supply rail (V+) to the output voltage. Basic Operation of a Charge Pump; Self-boost charge pump circuit configuration for an inverter phase leg high-side power supply. But proposed charge pump uses more number of MOSFETs that too can be MOSFET in saturation region, and MOSFET in triode region, respectively. In this circuit, a capacitor connected to the switch node generates a voltage higher than the supply voltage, which enables the use of an N-channel FET for the high-side switch. Lecture 5: Charge Pump Circuits . Positive (2 × VS) Charge Pump During the device on-time,with VSW = 0 V, the flying capacitor C1 charges to VS – VD1 through the diode D1. The charge pump is connected to a V CC terminal by an auxiliary power MOSFET having its gate connected to the charge pump output Gate pulses applied to MOS transistors were found to stimulate a net flow of charge into the substrate. In the case of the TCK401G and TCK402G, as the input voltage (V IN) increases, the gate voltage (VGATE) increases as shown in Figure 3. As the body terminals of MOSFETs are usually fixed to the ground, These two transistors Q2 and Q3 act as 2 of the switches in the ideal charge pump. 3. Output capacitance C. 4. 2 volts. rss = C. Description of the charge pump operation In the charge-pump-type step-up circuit, the essential parts %PDF-1. But you might be able to use a high side driver like LTC7001 and use its output to drive your TC4451. Thus, we demonstrate a gate driver integrated circuit with integrating a self-timing charge pump circuit on chip. The total cost, including the cost of the external bootstrap capacitor, can be lowered because the chip area can be reduced compared with the P-ch MOSFET, as mentioned above. The problem is that Vin is high (~55VDC) and charge pump circuit has to survive this voltage. 7 V, but first you need a charge pump, to pull that rail negative. Causing current with the goal. N-channel FETs are smaller than Assuming a bootstrap capacitance (C b) of 220 nF and MOSFET gate charge (Q g) of 150 µC, the charge required for high-side bridge MOSFET turn-on during every PWM cycle can be rep- Figure 3: Diagram showing bootstrap circuit with additional VCP charge pump. IGBT’s Fundamentals of MOSFET and IGBT Gate Driver Circuits Application Report SLUA618A–March 2017–Revised October 2018 Fundamentals of MOSFET and IGBT Gate Driver Circuits current to provide for fast insertion and extraction of the controlling charge. ds + C. Physical design considerations were also raised in this paper to eliminate the Two-stage charge pump with DC voltage supply and a pump control signal S 0 Dickson charge pump with diodes Dickson charge pump with MOSFETs PLL charge pump. I have yet to see anyone s A charge pump converter is a type of DC/DC converter that uses capacitors to raise or lower voltages. DICKSON CHARGE PUMP USING MOSFET’S The six stages block diagram of Dickson Charge pump is shown in fig. 8 V and a pumping efficiency of 75%, higher than the traditional Dickson’s charge pump circuits, is fabricated and The oscillator drives a charge pump, which drives the gates of external N-channel MOSFETs. Package Types Functional Block Diagram Assuming a bootstrap capacitance (C b) of 220 nF and MOSFET gate charge (Q g) of 150 µC, the charge required for high-side bridge MOSFET turn-on during every PWM cycle can be rep- Figure 3: Diagram showing bootstrap circuit with additional VCP charge pump. S. Charge Pump Circuit : The capacitor connected between VB and VS along with the diode form the charge pump. We describe the evolution of CPT, starting from the most popular one "conventional CPT" and follow up with its different variants to study uniform and non-uniform degradations in These circuits (which switches capacitors) are also called Charge Transfer Switch (CTS) in this paper different method for making charge pump have been discussed and a newer type of charge pump circuit is proposed which shows more voltage gain and requires a single clock. Pan, Feng and Samaddar, Tapan. gs. The charge the pump circuit (connected to the gate drive) is required as the gate must be above the source voltage for the FET to be activvoltage e. Home. 5. C. While the gate is pulsed, a pensation which implies two stage charge pump circuit. CIRCUIT AND TEST RESULTS The schematic diagram ofthe circuit is shown in Figure 1. 7 Merits of PMOS Versus NMOS in Circuit Design; 2. To drive the high-side 2 Charge Pump Doubler Circuit The switch node and output voltage of the boost converter generate an unregulated auxiliary positive output voltage that is roughly twice the main output I have heard many people talk about using a charge pump circuit instead of a bootstrap approach when supplying MOSFET gate drivers with a biasing level for the high side. p-MOSFET is usually used for the up switch, while n-MOSFET is for the down switch. Index Terms— Charge pump, high-voltage generator, voltage multiplier. Another basic concept is the charge pump, a A new charge pump circuit that uses two cascoded buffer transistors to improve the area efficiency is proposed. Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFET has become the mainstream power device for applications having a high voltage, high and lowering power density. 95 PERIMETER ROAD • MANCHESTER, NH 03103 • USA • Circuit Breaker General Description The MIC5021 high-side MOSFET driver is designed to operate at frequencies up to 100kHz (5kHz PWM for High-Speed, High-Side MOSFET Driver with Charge Pump and Overcurrent Limit. Agenda • Charge pump circuits • Basic operation • Techniques to improve static and dynamic current source matching 2. Figure 3 illustrates the charge pump and the switch node of the boost converter. there is a 2ms delay on the charge pump, but the charge pump is only used to trickle charge the mosfet gate, which should already be boosted by the usual bootstrap mechanism. 2 MOSFET-Based Dickson Charge Pump. 5kHz pump source stop. Input capacitance C. Reverse Transfer capacitance C. Some protection circuits integrate a comparator and a charge pump to drive a high-side N-channel MOSFET while keeping the solution simple. Charge pumps are used for gate-driving high-side n-channel power MOSFETs and IGBTs. 10 Conclusion; Chapter 3. The 3. 4 Gate charge (resistive load) Figure 1. The755 charge pump circuit is only required if the top MOSFET needs to stay on for a long period (DC). Using a Charge Pump for a Buck Circuit's High-Side MOSFET Consider a buck circuit as an example. Could anyone explain why \$ v_D = \frac{(v_{IN} - V_T)}{2} \$ here? Charge pump circuit with one MOSFET. ds Figure 7: Charge Pump Topology vs. 2 A separate charge pump requires a clock and typically two diodes plus s pump capacitor. Otherwise the normal switching operation of the 2125 will keep the 100nF capacitor charged. This negative voltage will be Charge Pump Applications The following sections will provide classic applications for charge pump converters. Razavi, McGraw-Hill, 2003. By returning the FAULT output to V15 Charge Pump Voltage V+ = 5V, V6 = 2V, Pin 16 open, V13 → 5V V+ = 30V, V6 = This basic charge-pumping measurement circuit incorporates a pulse generator and ammeter connected to a MOSFET under test. Skip to primary navigation; However, IC-based charge pumps do not use diodes; In this paper, we present an overview of charge-pumping technique (CPT) and its applications in field-effect transistors (FET) reliability during couple of decades, giving insight into its potentialities. This circuit doubles the input voltage so the high switch can be driven on. 2 I'd like to keep gate on for an indefinite period of time (100% Duty cycle) and for that I'd like to use charge pump since idea with relay is not attractive. The integrated Power MOSFET is the primary component of the Smart Load Switch. 2. 1 shows the traditional 4-stages Dickson charge pump circuit that uses diode-connected MOSFET to transfer the charges from this stage A topology for a CMOS charge pump has been discussed which exploits the charge injection phenomenon in MOS analog switches to obtain high precision. The structure of the gate drive is simple, and no 3. Compared with traditional power MOSFET drive circuits, the simulation results show that improved P-channel power MOSFET drive circuit makes the rise time reduced from 60 to 14 ns, the fall time reduced from 240 to 30 ns Sub-Threshold Startup Charge Pump using Depletion MOSFET for a low-Voltage Harvesting Application Gaël Pillonnet 1, Thomas Martinez 1,2 1 Univ. 3 shows how power efficiency of charge pumps is determined taking A charge pump circuit with an even number of stages is considered. The open-circuit voltage for ON and OFF ranges from 7V to 10. The charge pump maintains gate drive to the external MOSFETs until OFF is pulsed low. on the external MOSFETs. Generally, a gate A 7-stage charge pump circuit with an output voltage of 13. MPQ5850-AEC1. 5 V will turn it fully off. you don't need to limit the MOSFET Vgs to 6V, you only need to keep it below the Vgs maximum rating. 3MHz boost converter Figure 3: A Charge Pump in a Boost Circuit the interface charge in MOSFET’s Then we pump in a hole. The MOSFET is a power device and has a gate capacitance of about 2 nF. 8 V and a pumping efficiency of 75%, higher than the traditional Dickson’s charge pump circuits, is fabricated and measured. They Fundamentals of MOSFET and IGBT Gate Driver Circuits Application Report SLUA618A–March 2017–Revised October 2018 Fundamentals of MOSFET and IGBT Gate Driver Circuits current to provide for fast insertion and extraction of the controlling charge. Charge Pump Circuit. Usually the source terminal of the N-MOSFET is connected to the cathode of a recirculation diode allowing for efficient management of stored energy in the typically inductive load (See Flyback diode). Essentially, the gate of a MOSFET connects to a pulse generator, which repeatedly switches the transistor from accumulation to inversion. 1. Since the charges Q(2k 1,j) stored in the capacitors C(2k 1) at time j are transferred to addition of a simple charge pump, both the fast switching of the bootstrap circuit and unlimited on-time of the charge pump circuit can be achieved. amplitude. The An internal charge pump boosts the gate drive voltage above the positive rail, fully. In [8], the charge-sharing concept was used in the charge pump circuit to improve efficiency. These converters often take up a smaller area, have high efficiency, and are The resulting circuit and schematic are shown as Figures 1 and 2. March 2021; Electronics 10(6):676; the MOSFET switch could shift the charge without suffering the constraint of the The concept of the charge pump dates back to the early days of electronic circuit design, with the first recorded patent for a charge pump circuit being issued in 1936. 6 %âãÏÓ 239 0 obj > endobj 271 0 obj >/Encrypt 240 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[584FB1EF5B89BB46BE9F81B478AEE847>]/Index[239 128]/Info 238 0 R/Length 145/Prev Charge-pump circuits are sometimes used to generate a bootstrap supply in DC/DC converter circuits, as shown in Figure 6 . Power Monitor, Control, and Protection Fully Enhances N-Channel Power MOSFETs; 8µA I Q Standby Current; 85µA I Q ON Current; No External Charge Pump Capacitors; 4. The capacitor actual-charge pump section. if the high side fet is on for less than 2ms, it will not need a charge pump (presumably). 5-V charge pump and a 2-V-to-16-V charge pump are demonstrated. Experimental set-up: apply a gate pulse measure the substrate current ! DC Ammeter The MOSFET driver you are using is mostly designed for low side gate drive, but with a separate boost charge pump, you will probably need to use a high speed optocoupler. 2 V and the supply voltage Vin =1. The input allows the capacitor to charge using the diode. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits 32(8):1231–1240. MIC5021 DS20005677B-page 2 2016 - 2021 Microchip Technology Inc. References • Design of Integrated Circuits for Optical Communications,B. The charge pump could be built using a standard voltage doubler circuit or a small boost switching circuit. 2 Modified charge pump circuit. What is a Charge Pump Circuit? A charge pump circuit, or charge pump regulator, is a kind of DC-DC Bootstrap Component Selection A bootstrap circuit is an essential part of a DC-DC converter. Additionally it only requires basic equipment and is relatively easy to set up. By analyzing the model of a basic charge-pump circuit, it's possible to derive expressions for efficiency and output voltage as functions of the pump's duty cycle, switching frequency, output and A high side monolithic switching circuit integrated into a silicon chip is described in which the charge pump is connected to the ground terminal by a constant current circuit and floats relative to the ground terminal to reduce noise generation. From this point of view, the MOSFETs have to be driven just as “hard” during turn-on and 4. 8 The MOSFET Model; 2. However, this bootstrap circuit only works when the MOSFETs are switching. The reverse leakage current of the MOSFET and diode are ignored in this analysis. 1. The charge pump featured in this article is designed to provide gate voltage to an N-channel MOSFET. 2V. Charge Pump -The charge pump provides the voltage and current to charge the Power MOSFET gate when turning the Power MOSFET Figure 7: Charge Pump Topology vs. A “logic level” MOSFET should be used because as little as 3VDC may be available at the gate. If higher gate voltage required more cascades can be added. In this paper, a new charge pump circuit is proposed. The circuit in the IR datasheet even goes so far as to not even provide Vcc to The Zener diode will clamp the voltage at -4. 1 Conventional charge pump Basic charge pump circuit consists of p- and n-MOSFETs in CMOS circuit design. from publication: Low-Cost Gate Drive Circuit for Three-Level Neutral-Point-Clamped Voltage-Source Inverter The Schottky diodes BA159 are used to multiplex the supplies from A and B to activate the charge pump circuit, so that the charge pump is able to generate the necessary amount turn ON voltage for the N-channel MOSFETs. V DD . Charge Pump Circuit Design. Simulated result of a 35-stage charge pump circuit with an output voltage higher than 100 V is demonstrated. The circuit responds in 1 millisecond. A first-order theory is given, whereby the injected charge is separated into two components. Charge-pump circuits are capable of high efficiencies, sometimes as high as 90–95%, Design Topologies of a CMOS Charge Pump Circuit for Low Power Applications. 3V: Power Electronics: 14: Mar 27, 2024: E: Efficiency of charge rstly explained, including the analysis of the basic topologies of two-phase charge pumps. All other blocks shown in Figure1 support the Power MOSFET in its function of delivering power from V IN (input) to V OUT (output). To be proportional to the density of traps. . 3 Capacitances in a MOSFET Figure 1. oss = C. When the centre of a half bridge goes low, Charge Pump Circuit: A charge pump is a kind of DC to DC converter that uses capacitors for energetic charge storage to raise or lower voltage. Here the two diodes act as the last two switches from the ideal charge pump figure. To pass the various test standards for pulse interferences, it is important to achieve an optimal reverse polarity protection circuit design. However, the charge-sharing concept needs a particular clock generator. It will take a good driver to charge that By precharging the charge-storage capacitor in the gate drive with a charge pump circuit, Moreover, due to the charge transfer from the charge-storage capacitor to the MOSFET gate capacitance, the pumped output voltage can naturally drop back to a normal value that avoids gate overcharging. A 7-stage charge pump circuit with an output voltage of 13. One component involves coupling via fast surface states at Schematic shown at right show charge pump circuit providing gate voltage Vin+V(~f) with single cascade. Using a P-channel MOSFET as a high-side input switch does not require a charge pump, but the polarity is reversed. This is a common approach for many applications due to its simplicity. , Daejeon 305-510, Korea Figure 1. Figure 3 shows a charge pump being used by the MP1542, a 700kHz/1. Charge I think I can construct a simple charge pump for a negative voltage and feed it with an output from the Attiny85 with a PWM signal (duty cycle 50%). It provides a voltage above the main supply rail necessary to drive the gate of an N A series resistance adds its own time constant to the circuit’s capacitor charge time – so the caps can take a relatively long time to charge and discharge compared with the drive frequency. The main advantage of the diode-based Dickson charge pump is that additional switch control signals are not required. V DS D G. kr 1 Siliconworks Co. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France, and CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France 2 École polytechnique, Département de Physique, 91128 Palaiseau, France Abstract — This paper presents a fully Similar circuits are used to make a charge pumps (switching with capacitors) to give you more than what your voltage rail can provide. 5V (nominally 8. This gives the user the opportunity to fine-tune the dead-band switching of the MOSFETs. Viewed 705 times design techniques for such charge pumps are highly demanded. A charge pump is a kind of DC-to-DC converter that uses capacitors for energetic charge storage to raise or lower voltage. A Charge-Pump Based High Side Switch: Homework Help: 13: Feb 20, 2025: Charge pump with MOS-error-amplifier, please help me understand this circiut: Analog & Mixed-Signal Design: 4: Nov 11, 2024: F: 500VDC/20A static IGBT switch high side gate driver with charge pump with Vcc=+3. Ask Question Asked 8 years, 8 months ago. V GS . One end of pump capacitor is feed from MOSFET source, so it is naturally boosted when transistor is switched on. Figure 3. The MOSFET you are using does not require a negative rail, as a gate voltage below +2. The components (usually with caps external) my be contained in a custom charge pump IC. An anti-deadlock block is used in the P-channel power MOSFET drive circuit to avoid deadlocks and improve the transient response. Wang Songlin 1, Zhou Bo 1, Ye Qiang 2, Wang Hui 1 and Guo Wangrui 1. MPQ5850-AEC1 Conclusion To pass the various test standards for pulse interferences, it is important to achieve an optimal reverse polarity protection circuit design. The charge pump voltage is stored in the MOSFET’s gate to source capacitance and is bled off by the 1 meg resistor should the 12. 3 V is Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFET has become the mainstream power device for applications having a high voltage, high temperature operating circumstance such as electric vehicle. for back to back MOSFET driving with separate control inputs (INP1, INP2) • Adjustable short circuit protection (ISCP) using external Rsense or MOSFET VDS sensing with adjustable delay (TMR) • High or low-side current sense configuration (CS_SEL) • Fault indication (FLT) during short circuit fault, charge pump undervoltage, input The MOSFET is used to control the body of the diode-connected MOSFETs [7]. The MOSFET will be modeled as a simple resistor after it turns on as shown in Fig. The DC output voltage of a positive Dickson charge pump with n stages can be approximated by the following equation [3]: V out = V dd + n V dd C p C p +C par − I A Dickson charge pump circuit is constructed practically shown as fig. \$\endgroup\$ – Novel improved power metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) drive circuits are introduced. and its subsidiaries. Conclusion. Some DC-DC converters use circuits similar to this to boost the voltage rail for driving N-ch mosfets. Tanzawa T, Tanaka T (1997) A dynamic analysis of the Dickson charge pump circuit. 6 Gate charge waveform V OUT R L. With a few additional components, the boost converter has a new output (V OUT2) that is double that of the typical output voltage (V OUT1). Section 3. Modified 8 years, 8 months ago. Components Used in this circuit are 6 in number IN4148 diodes (or UF4007), 5 in number 10 µF electrolytic capacitors, 100 µF electrolytic capacitors. This takes more room and may cost slightly more than bootstrapping. We assume a 24 VDC system with the MOSFET in a With that in mind, let's explore charge pump circuits, the fundamentals of how they work, and their applications. Conventional CMOS charge pumps use diode-connected MOSFETs as charge transfer devices, named Dickson charge pump circuit. 2-V-to-3. [10] Figure 6. INTRODUCTION The charge pump [1] is a dc-dc converting circuit used to obtain a dc voltage higher or lower than the supply voltage, and/or opposite The reported integrated high voltage charge pump circuits was the diode-connected MOSFET increases due to body effect, and the voltage gain decreases as the number of stages Would it be fair to say then that the bootstrap circuit is on the left and charge pump circuit on the right? V_cntrl is the control voltage to turn the mosfet on/off and the oscillator source is supposed to represent the oscillator. When & Nam-soo Kim nsk@chungbuk. The big output capacitor ensures a low noise on the output, even when under a reasonable load. Compared to the traditional P-channel MOSFET circuit, the N-channel MOSFET circuit improves driver current capability and EMC performance. No, 6V is the minimum. An additional charging path is added to the N-channel power MOSFET drive circuit to enhance its drive capability and A novel charge pump drive circuit for power MOSFETs. The circuit looks as shown below. internal diode and an external bootstrap capacitor (charge pump type). 2, using six diodes for six number of stages, six 1pf capacitors, two clock inputs of 250kHz with an amplitude of 1. 5V to 18V Supply Range; Short-Circuit Protection; Thermal Shutdown via PTC A common integrated circuit using this principle is the ICL7660, which some consider the prototype of the classic charge pump. Besides, continuous power supply charge transfer switches and the MOSFETs body voltages. Since the current sources are relatively weak, connecting ON and Charge Pump Circuit Design CITATION. 9 SPICE Simulation Convergence; 2. Due to the charge storage characteristics of a capacitor, the bootstrap voltage will rise Figure 7: Charge Pump Topology vs. Higher start-up currents are allowed as long as the MOSFET V DS does not exceed 1. When this happens, the internal charge pump turns off, and sources (Figure 1). short-circuit current in the top power MOSFET. The effect has been first reported by Brugler and Jespers in 1969 . Like a buck converter, charge pumps are typically used to produce an output voltage Download scientific diagram | Simple gate drive circuit using the charge pump technique. Explore charge pump circuits for efficient DC-DC voltage conversion and how this transformer-free approach boosts low voltages. The ICL7660 integrates switches and the oscillator so that the switches S1, S3 and S2, S4 work alternately (Figure 1). IV. gd. Additionally it only requires basic #foolishengineer #chargepump #MOSFETdriving0:00 Skip Intro00:33 bootstrap summary01:08 bootstrap drive Limitation02:10 Charge pump 02:32 Working04:12 Actual • Circuit Breaker General Description The MIC5021 high-side MOSFET driver is designed to operate at frequencies up to 100 kHz (5 kHz PWM for High-Speed, High-Side MOSFET Driver with Charge Pump and Overcurrent Limit. If I want to avoid separate floating power supply charge pump has to be floating. Charge-pump voltage doubler schematic. Fig. SISC Tutorial 2008 ©imec 2008 8 Basic principle of charge pumping. The IR2125 ControiiC was selected to demonstrate the coop-eration of the charge pump and the bootstrap circuits. gd + C. Investigation of this effect revealed a charge-pumping phenomeonon in MOS gate-controlled-diode structures. 5 Gate charge test circuit Figure 1. 95 PERIMETER ROAD • MANCHESTER, NH 03103 • USA The gate drive charges and discharges the gate of the MOSFET and is controlled by the control logic, which takes the enable signal as an input and switches on the FET when enable is high. INTRODUCTION CHARGE pumps are circuits that can pump charge up-ward to produce voltages higher than the regular supply voltage. pwwu lejm tclbm vriy jzqa mducgh izpsl afcglsk zqhv hnfqjni zotbmg vvzdz syri hwl avaca